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    The associations between preexisting mental disorders and subsequent onset of chronic headaches: a worldwide epidemiologic perspective
    (Official journal of the American Pain Society, 2015) Bruffaerts, Ronny; Demyttenaere, Koen; Kessler, Ronald C.; Tachimori, Hisateru; Bunting, Brendan; Hu, Chiyi; Florescu, Silvia; Haro, Josep Maria; Lim, Carmen C. W.; Kovess-Masfety, Viviane; Levinson, Daphna; Medina Mora, María Elena; Piazza, Marina; Piotrowski, Patryk; Posada-Villa, Jose; Salih Khalaf, Mohammad; Have, Margreet; Xavier, Miguel; Scott, Kate M.; Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Leuven, Belgium; ronny.bruffaerts@med.kuleuven.be
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    Proportion of patients without mental disorders being treated in mental health services worldwide
    (Cambridge University Press, 2015) Bruffaerts, Ronny; Posada-Villa, Jose; Al-Hamzawi, Obaid; Gureje, Oye; Huang, Yueqin; Hu, Chiyi; Bromet, Evelyn J.; Viana, Maria Carmen; Hinkov, Hristo Ruskov; Karam, Elie G.; Borges, Guilherme; Florescu, Silvia E.; Williams, David R.; Demyttenaere, Koen; Kovess-Masfety, Viviane; Matschinger, Herbert; Levinson, Daphna; Girolamo, Giovanni De; Ono, Yutaka; Graaf, Ron De; Browne, Mark Oakley; Bunting, Brendan; Xavier, Miguel; Haro, Josep Maria; Kessler, Ronald C.; Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum – KULeuven (UPC-KUL), Leuven, Belgium; ronny.bruffaerts@med.kuleuven.be
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    Early-Life Mental Disorders and Adult Household Income in the World Mental Health Surveys
    (Elsevier Science INC, 360 Park Ave South, New York, NY 10010-1710 USA, 2012) Kawakami, Norito; Abdulghani, Emad Abdulrazaq; Alonso, Jordi; Bromet, Evelyn J.; Bruffaerts, Ronny; Caldas-de-Almeida, José Miguel; Chiu, Wai Tat; De Girolamo, Giovanni; De Graaf, Ron; Fayyad, John; Ferry, Finola; Florescu, Silvia; Gureje, Oye; Hu, Chiyi; Lakoma, Matthew D.; LeBlanc, William; Lee, Sing; Levinson, Daphna; Malhotra, Savita; Matschinger, Herbert; Medina-Mora, María Elena; Nakamura, Yosikazu; Browne, Mark A. Oakley; Okoliyski, Michail; Posada-Villa, José; Sampson, Nancy A.; Viana, María Carmen; Kessler, Ronald C.; Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Care Policy, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.; kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu
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    Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
    (Elsevier Science INC, 360 Park Ave South, New York, NY 10010-1710 USA, 2012) Murray, Christopher J.L.; Vos, Theo; Lozano, Rafael; Naghavi, Mohsen; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Michaud, Catherine; Ezzati, Majid; Shibuya, Kenji; Salomón, Joshua A.; Abdalla, Safa; Aboyans, Víctor; Marcenes, Wagner; Jasrasaria, Rashmi; Blore, Jed D.; Jayaraman, Sudha; Johns, Nicole; Richardson, Kathryn; Jonas, Jost B.; Shivakoti, Rupak; Narayan, K.M. Venkat; Connor, Myles D.; Flaxman, Seth; Mori, Rintaro; Karthikeyan, Ganesan; Porrini, Esteban; Carmona, Loreto; Kassebaum, Nicholas; Patten, Scott B.; Hoy, Damian; Abraham, Jerry; Anderson, H. Ross; Kawakami, Norito; Courville de Vaccaro, Karen; Pourmalek, Farshad; Keren, Andre; Khoo, Jon-Paul; Medina-Mora, María Elena; Singh, David; March, Lyn; Nelson, Paul K.; King, Charles H.; Knowlton, Lisa Marie; Pope, C. Arden; Shepard, Donald S.; Kobusingye, Olive; Ranganathan, Dharani; Blyth, Fiona; Cella, Claudia; Koranteng, Adolfo; Baxter, Amanda; Meltzer, Michele; Bhandari, Bishal; Krishnamurthi, Rita; Singh, Gitanjali M.; Couser, William; Laden, Francine; Boussinesq, Michel; Chou, David; Lalloo, Ratilal; Haro, Josep Maria; Anderson, Laurie M.; Liu, Wei; Laslett, Laura L.; Nelson, Robert G.; Van der Werf, Marieke J.; Cowie, Benjamín C.; Mensah, George A.; Prince, Martín; Merriman, Tony R.; Whiteford, Harvey; Rivara, Frederick P.; Meyer, Ana-Claire; Lim, Stephen S.; Towbin, Jeff Rey A.; Miglioli, Valeria; Scott, James Graham; McDermott, Mary M.; Chen, Honglei L.; Dorsey, E. Ray; Miller, Matthew; Miller, Ted R.; Felson, David T.; Nevitt, Michael C.; Roberts, Thomas; Bahalim, Adil N.; Mitchell, Philip B.; Van Os, Jim; Criqui, Michael H.; Fowkes, Francis Gerry R.; Mock, Charles; Colson, K. Ellicott; Elbaz, Alexis; Mocumbi, Ana Olga; Pérez Padilla, Rogelio; Leasher, Janet L.; Moffitt, Terrie E.; Marks, Guy B.; Cheng, A. Tai-Ann; Murdoch, Michele E.; Mokdad, Ali A.; Pullan, Rachel L.; Barrero, Lope H.; Fransen, Marlene; Newton, Charles R.; Nolte, Sandra; Wiebe, Natasha; Norman, Paul; Bolliger, Ian; Sleet, David A.; Ibeanusi, Sydney E.; Bennett, Derrick; Norman, Rosana; Wang, Mengru R.; Ali, Mohammed K.; O'Donnell, Martín; Thomson, W. Murray; Nair, M. Nathan; Dherani, Mukesh; Ebel, Beth; O'Hanlon, Simón; Wang, Wenzhi Z.; Olives, Casey; Omer, Saad B.; Robinson, Carolyn; Bonaventure, Audrey; Ramaiah, Kapa D.; Sliwa, Karen; Ortblad, Katrina; Osborne, Richard; Vavilala, Mónica S.; Bartels, David H.; Bikbov, Boris; Freeman, Michael K.; Harrison, James E.; Ozgediz, Doruk; Feigin, Valery; Rodríguez De León, Felipe; Finucane, Mariel M.; Page, Andrew; Boufous, Soufi Ane; Pahari, Bishnu; Ganatra, Hammad A.; Hill, Catherine; Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai; Montico, Marcella; Edmond, Karen; Pión, Sebastien; Panozo Rivero, Andrea; Smith, Emma; Coffeng, Luc E.; Ronfani, Luca; Watt, Kerianne; Room, Robín; Cross, Marita; Wiersma, Steven T.; Rosenfeld, Lisa C.; Basáñez, María-Gloria; Charlson, Fiona; Rushton, Lesley; Birbeck, Gretchen; Hay, Roderick J.; Leigh, James; Sacco, Ralph L.; Benjamín, Emelia J.; MacIntyre, Michael F.; Smith, Jennifer L.; Wilkinson, James D.; Erskine, Holly; Saha, Sukanta; Colan, Steven D.; Marks, Robín; Sampson, Uchechukwu; Huang, John J.; Lipnick, Michael; Sánchez-Riera, Lidia; Tleyjeh, Imad M.; Pearce, Neil; Sanman, Ella; Razavi, Homie; Higashi, Hideki; Schwebel, David C.; Weatherall, David J.; Espíndola, Patricia; Matsumori, Akira; Stapelberg, Nicolas J.C.; Bernabe, Eduardo; Dabhadkar, Kaustubh C.; Steer, Andrew; Gabbe, Belinda J.; Braithwaite, Tasanee; Ferri, Cleusa P.; Steiner, Timothy; Condon, John; Driscoll, Tim; Stolk, Wilma A.; Carabin, Helene; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Lathlean, Tim; Limb, Elizabeth; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Sudfeld, Christopher; Syed, Sana; Williams, Hywel C.; Gabriel, Sherine E.; Weinstock, Martín A.; Brayne, Carol; Tamburlini, Giorgio; Tavakkoli, Mohammad; Colquhoun, Samantha; Ewoigbokhan, Stalin E.; Matzopoulos, Richard; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Taylor, Hugh R.; Mabweijano, Jacqueline; Williams, Sean R.M.; Atkinson, Charles; Taylor, Jennifer A.; Aggarwal, Rakesh; Bhalla, Kavi; Baddour, Larry M.; Taylor, William J.; Segui-Gómez, María; Lin, John Kent; Undurraga, Eduardo A.; Thomas, Bernadette; Bridgett, Lisa; Hoffman, Howard; Bin Abdulhak, Aref; Cooper, Leslie T.; Witt, Emma; Dahiya, Manu; Wolfe, Frederick; Farzadfar, Farshad; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Woolf, Anthony D.; Foreman, Kyle; Morawska, Lidia; Pérez-Ruíz, Fernando; Wulf, Sarah; Ferrari, Alize; Brooker, Simón; Dahodwala, Nabila; Lipshultz, Steven E.; Yeh, Pon-Hsiu; Hotez, Peter J.; Regan, Mathilda; Zaidi, Anita K.M.; Naldi, Luigi; Phillips, Michael R.; Zheng, Zhi-Jie; Thurston, George D.; Zonies, David; Weintraub, Robert; Barker-Collo, Suzanne; López, Alan D.; Corriere, Matthew; Loane, María; Rehm, Juergen T.; Brooks, Peter; Fevre, Eric M.; Brugha, Traolach S.; Mayosi, Bongani M.; García, Bianca; Mallinger, Leslie; Bryan-Hancock, Claire; Alvarado, Miriam; Levinson, Daphna; Bucello, Chiara; Haring, Diana; Bourne, Rupert; Pesudovs, Konrad; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Buckle, Geoffrey; Budke, Christine M.; Damsere-Derry, James; McAnulty, John H.; Cortinovis, Mónica; Gaspari, Flavio; Burch, Michael; Burney, Peter; Ohno, Summer Lockett; Rein, David B.; Shahraz, Saeid; Burstein, Roy; Popova, Svetlana; Danaei, Goodarz; Ali, Suad Eltahir; Calabria, Bianca; Dolk, Helen; Ackerman, Ilana; Campbell, Benjamín; Black, James A.; Phillips, David; Chugh, Sumeet S.; Canter, Charles E.; Gillum, Richard F.; Mwaniki, Michael K.; Flood, Louise; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Davis, Adrián; De Leo, Diego; Lyons, Ronan; Moran, Andrew; Degenhardt, Louisa; Margolis, David J.; Shin, Hwashin; Tonelli, Marcello; Dellavalle, Robert; Malekzadeh, Reza; Gmel, Gerhard; Pierce, Kelsey; Delossantos, Allyne; Naidoo, Kovin; Weisskopf, Marc G.; Denenberg, Julie; Singleton, Jessica; Ubeda, Clotilde; Derrett, Sarah; Carapetis, Jonathan; Des Jarlais, Don C.; Erwin, Patricia J.; Dharmaratne, Samath D.; James, Spencer L.; Polanczyk, Guilherme V.; Weissman, Myrna M.; González-Medina, Diego; Manivannan, Sivabalan; Gosselin, Richard; Remuzzi, Guiseppe; McGill, Neil; Grainger, Rebecca; Duber, Herbert; Perico, Norberto; Grant, Bridget; Monasta, Lorenzo; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Truelsen, Thomas; Ahn, Stephanie Y.; Groeger, Justina; Guillemin, Francis; Bell, Michelle L.; Jarvis, Deborah; McGrath, John; Gunnell, David; Gupta, Ramyani; Polinder, Suzanne; White, Richard A.; Blencowe, Hannah; Haagsma, Juanita; Venketasubramanian, N.; Andrews, Kathryn G.; Hagan, Holly; Lee, Yong Yi; Díaz-Torne, César; Halasa, Yara A.; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K.; Hoen, Bruno; Hall, Wayne; Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, 2301 5th Ave,Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.; cjlm@uw.edu
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    Associations of serious mental illness with earnings: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys
    (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS, BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 17 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON SW1X 8PG, ENGLAND, 2010) Levinson, Daphna; Lakoma, Matthew D.; Petukhova, María; Schoenbaum, Michael; Zaslavsky, Alan M.; Angermeyer, Matthias; Borges, Guilherme; Bruffaerts, Ronny; De Girolamo, Giovanni; De Graaf, Ron; Gureje, Oye; Maria Haro, Josep; Hu, Chiyi; Karam, Aimee N.; Kawakami, Norito; Lee, Sing; Lepine, Jean-Pierre; Browne, Mark Oakley; Okoliyski, Michail; Posada-Villa, José; Sagar, Rajesh; Viana, María Carmen; Williams, David R.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Care Policy, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA; kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu
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    Role of common mental and physical disorders in partial disability around the world
    (2012) Bruffaerts, Ronny; Vilagut, Gemma; Demyttenaere, Koen; Alonso, Jordi; AlHamzawi, Ali; Helena Andrade, Laura; Benjet, Corina; Bromet, Evelyn; Bunting, Brendan; De Girolamo, Giovanni; Florescu, Silvia; Gureje, Oye; Haro, Josep Maria; He, Yanling; Hinkov, Hristo; Hu, Chiyi; Karam, Elie G.; Lepine, Jean-Pierre; Levinson, Daphna; Matschinger, Herbert; Nakane, Yoshibumi; Ormel, Johan; Posada-Villa, José; Scott, Kate M.; Varghese, Matthew; Williams, David R.; Xavier, Miguel; Kessler, Ronald C.
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    Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode
    (BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND, 2011) Bromet, Evelyn; Andrade, Laura Helena; Hwang, Irving; Sampson, Nancy A.; Alonso, Jordi; De Girolamo, Giovanni; De Graaf, Ron; Demyttenaere, Koen; Hu, Chiyi; Iwata, Noboru; Karam, Aimee N.; Kaur, Jagdish; Kostyuchenko, Stanislav; Lepine, Jean-Pierre; Levinson, Daphna; Matschinger, Herbert; Medina Mora, María Elena; Browne, Mark Oakley; Posada-Villa, José; Viana, María Carmen; Williams, David R.; Kessler, Ronald C.; SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Psychiat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA; ebromet@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
    Background: Major depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, yet epidemiologic data are not available for many countries, particularly low- to middle-income countries. In this paper, we present data on the prevalence, impairment and demographic correlates of depression from 18 high and low-to middle-income countries in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Methods: Major depressive episodes (MDE) as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DMS-IV) were evaluated in face-to-face interviews using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Data from 18 countries were analyzed in this report (n = 89,037). All countries surveyed representative, population-based samples of adults. Results: The average lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of DSM-IV MDE were 14.6% and 5.5% in the ten high-income and 11.1% and 5.9% in the eight low- to middle-income countries. The average age of onset ascertained retrospectively was 25.7 in the high-income and 24.0 in low- to middle-income countries. Functional impairment was associated with recency of MDE. The female: male ratio was about 2: 1. In high-income countries, younger age was associated with higher 12-month prevalence; by contrast, in several low-to middle-income countries, older age was associated with greater likelihood of MDE. The strongest demographic correlate in high-income countries was being separated from a partner, and in low- to middle-income countries, was being divorced or widowed. Conclusions: MDE is a significant public-health concern across all regions of the world and is strongly linked to social conditions. Future research is needed to investigate the combination of demographic risk factors that are most strongly associated with MDE in the specific countries included in the WMH.
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    Twelve-Month Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Suicide Attempts in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
    (PHYSICIANS POSTGRADUATE PRESS, P O BOX 752870, MEMPHIS, TN 38175-2870 USA, 2010) Borges, Guilherme; Nock, Matthew K.; Haro Abad, Josep M.; Hwang, Irving; Sampson, Nancy A.; Alonso, Jordi; Andrade, Laura Helena; Angermeyer, Matthias C.; Beautrais, Annette; Bromet, Evelyn; Bruffaerts, Ronny; De Girolamo, Giovanni; Florescu, Silvia; Gureje, Oye; Hu, Chiyi; Karam, Elie G.; Kovess-Masfety, Viviane; Lee, Sing; Levinson, Daphna; Medina-Mora, María Elena; Ormel, Johan; Posada-Villa, José; Sagar, Rajesh; Tomov, Toma; Uda, Hidenori; Williams, David R.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Care Policy, Boston, MA 02115 USA; Kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu
    Objective: Although suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, clinicians and researchers lack a data-driven method to assess the risk of suicide attempts. This study reports the results of an analysis of a large cross-national epidemiologic survey database that estimates the 12-month prevalence of suicidal behaviors, identifies risk factors for suicide attempts, and combines these factors to create a risk index for 12-month suicide attempts separately for developed and developing countries. Method: Data come from the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys (conducted 2001-2007), in which 108,705 adults from 21 countries were interviewed using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The survey assessed suicidal behaviors and potential risk factors across multiple domains, including socio-demographic characteristics, parent psychopathology, childhood adversities, DSM-IV disorders, and history of suicidal behavior. Results: Twelve-month prevalence estimates of suicide ideation, plans, and attempts are 2.0%, 0.6%, and 0.3%, respectively, for developed countries and 2.1%, 0.7%, and 0.4%, respectively, for developing countries. Risk factors for suicidal behaviors in both developed and developing countries include female sex, younger age, lower education and income, unmarried status, unemployment, parent psychopathology, childhood adversities, and presence of diverse 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders. Combining risk factors from multiple domains produced risk indices that accurately predicted 12-month suicide attempts in both developed and developing countries (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.74-0.80). Conclusions: Suicidal behaviors occur at similar rates in both developed and developing countries. Risk indices assessing multiple domains can predict suicide attempts with fairly good accuracy and may be useful in aiding clinicians in the prediction of these behaviors. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71(12):1617-1628 (C) Copyright 2010 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
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    Associations of serious mental illness with earnings: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys
    (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS, BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 17 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON SW1X 8PG, ENGLAND, 2010) Levinson, Daphna; Lakoma, Matthew D.; Petukhova, María; Schoenbaum, Michael; Zaslavsky, Alan M.; Angermeyer, Matthias; Borges, Guilherme; Bruffaerts, Ronny; De Girolamo, Giovanni; De Graaf, Ron; Gureje, Oye; Maria Haro, Josep; Hu, Chiyi; Karam, Aimee N.; Kawakami, Norito; Lee, Sing; Lepine, Jean-Pierre; Browne, Mark Oakley; Okoliyski, Michail; Posada-Villa, José; Sagar, Rajesh; Viana, María Carmen; Williams, David R.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Care Policy, Boston, MA 02115 USA; kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu
    Background: Burden-of-illness data, which are often used in setting healthcare policy-spending priorities, are unavailable for mental disorders in most countries. Aims: To examine one central aspect of illness burden, the association of serious mental illness with earnings, in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Method: The WMH Surveys were carried out in 10 high-income and 9 low- and middle-income countries. The associations of personal earnings with serious mental illness were estimated. Results: Respondents with serious mental illness earned on average a third less than median earnings, with no significant between-country differences (chi(2)(9)=5.5-8.1, P=0.5-0.79). These losses are equivalent to 0.3-0.8% of total national earnings. Reduced earnings among those with earnings and the increased probability of not earning are both important components of these associations: Conclusions: These results add to a growing body of evidence that mental disorders have high societal costs. Decisions about healthcare resource allocation should take these costs into consideration.
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    Childhood adversities as risk factors for onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour
    (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS, BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 17 BELGRAVE SQUARE, LONDON SW1X 8PG, ENGLAND, 2010) Bruffaerts, Ronny; Demyttenaere, Koen; Borges, Guilherme; Maria Haro, Josep; Chiu, Wai Tat; Hwang, Irving; Karam, Elie G.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Sampson, Nancy; Alonso, Jordi; Andrade, Laura Helena; Angermeyer, Matthias; Benjet, Corina; Bromet, Evelyn; De Girolamo, Giovanni; De Graaf, Ron; Florescu, Silvia; Gureje, Oye; Horiguchi, Itsuko; Hu, Chiyi; Kovess, Viviane; Levinson, Daphna; Posada-Villa, José; Sagar, Rajesh; Scott, Kate; Tsang, Adley; Vassilev, Svetlozar M.; Williams, David R.; Nock, Matthew K.; Univ Hosp Gasthuisberg, Dept Psychiat, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium; ronny.bruffaerts@med.kuleuven.be
    Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, but the precise effect of childhood adversities as risk factors for the onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour (suicide ideation, plans and attempts) are not well understood. Aims: To examine the associations between childhood adversities as risk factors for the onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour across 21 countries worldwide. Method: Respondents from nationally representative samples (n = 55 299) were interviewed regarding childhood adversities that occurred before the age of 18 years and lifetime suicidal behaviour. Results: Childhood adversities were associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt and ideation in both bivariate and multivariate models (odds ratio range 1.2-5.7). The risk increased with the number of adversities experienced, but at a decreasing rate. Sexual and physical abuse were consistently the strongest risk factors for both the onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour, especially during adolescence. Associations remained similar after additional adjustment for respondents' lifetime mental disorder status. Conclusions: Childhood adversities (especially intrusive or aggressive adversities) are powerful predictors of the onset and persistence of suicidal behaviours.