Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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dc.contributor.emailsihay@uw.edu (Simon I. Hay)
dc.creatorGBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaboratorses_ES
dc.creatorFerrari, Alize J.es_ES
dc.creatorSantomauro, Damian Francescoes_ES
dc.creatorAali, Amiralies_ES
dc.creatorAbate, Yohannes Habtegiorgises_ES
dc.creatorAbbafati, Cristianaes_ES
dc.creatorAbbastabar, Hedayates_ES
dc.creatorAbd ElHafeez, Samares_ES
dc.creatorAbdelmasseh, Michaeles_ES
dc.creatorAbd-Elsalam, Sheriefes_ES
dc.creatorAbdollahi, Arashes_ES
dc.creatorAbdullahi, Auwales_ES
dc.creatorAbegaz, Kedir Husseines_ES
dc.creatorAbeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Arieles_ES
dc.creatorAboagye, Richard Gyanes_ES
dc.creatorAbolhassani, Hassanes_ES
dc.creatorGuimarães Abreu, Lucases_ES
dc.creatorAbualruz, Hasanes_ES
dc.creatorAbu-Gharbieh, Emanes_ES
dc.creatorAbu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E.es_ES
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dc.creatorDel Bo', Cristianes_ES
dc.creatorDelgado-Enciso, Ivanes_ES
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dc.creatorIannucci, Vincent C.es_ES
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dc.creatorIkuta, Kevin S.es_ES
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dc.creatorS. N., Chandanes_ES
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dc.creatorSaber-Ayad, Maha Mohamedes_ES
dc.creatorSabour, Siamakes_ES
dc.creatorSacco, Simonaes_ES
dc.creatorSachdev, Perminder S.es_ES
dc.creatorSaddik, Basemaes_ES
dc.creatorSaddler, Adames_ES
dc.creatorSadee, Bashdar Abuzedes_ES
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dc.creatorSreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.es_ES
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dc.creatorStein, Dan J.es_ES
dc.creatorSteiner, Caitlynes_ES
dc.creatorSteiner, Timothy J.es_ES
dc.creatorSteinmetz, Jaimie D.es_ES
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dc.creatorStockfelt, Leoes_ES
dc.creatorStokes, Mark A.es_ES
dc.creatorSubedi Subedi, Narayanes_ES
dc.creatorSubramaniyan, Vetriselvanes_ES
dc.creatorSuemoto, Claudia Kimiees_ES
dc.creatorSuleman, Muhammades_ES
dc.creatorSuliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwanes_ES
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dc.creatorSundström, Johanes_ES
dc.creatorSwain, Chandan Kumares_ES
dc.creatorSzarpak, Lukaszes_ES
dc.creatorTabaee Damavandi, Payames_ES
dc.creatorTabarés-Seisdedos, Rafaeles_ES
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dc.creatorTabish, Mohammades_ES
dc.creatorTadakamadla, Santosh Kumares_ES
dc.creatorTaheri Abkenar, Yasamanes_ES
dc.creatorTaheri Soodejani, Moslemes_ES
dc.creatorTaherkhani, Amires_ES
dc.creatorTaiba, Jabeenes_ES
dc.creatorTalaat, Iman M.es_ES
dc.creatorTalukder, Ashises_ES
dc.creatorTampa, Mirceaes_ES
dc.creatorTamuzi, Jacques Lukenzees_ES
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dc.creatorTandukar, Sarmilaes_ES
dc.creatorTang, Haosues_ES
dc.creatorTavakoli Oliaee, Raziehes_ES
dc.creatorTavangar, Seyed Mohammades_ES
dc.creatorTeimoori, Mojtabaes_ES
dc.creatorTemsah, Mohamad-Hanies_ES
dc.creatorTeramoto, Masayukies_ES
dc.creatorThangaraju, Pugazhenthanes_ES
dc.creatorThankappan, Kavumpurathu Ramanes_ES
dc.creatorThapar, Rekhaes_ES
dc.creatorThayakaran, Rasiahes_ES
dc.creatorThirunavukkarasu, Sathishes_ES
dc.creatorThomas, Nihales_ES
dc.creatorThomas, Nikhil Kennyes_ES
dc.creatorThum, Chern Choong Chernes_ES
dc.creatorTichopad, Aleses_ES
dc.creatorTicoalu, Jansje Henny Veraes_ES
dc.creatorTillawi, Talaes_ES
dc.creatorTiruye, Tenaw Yimeres_ES
dc.creatorTobe-Gai, Ruoyanes_ES
dc.creatorTonelli, Marcelloes_ES
dc.creatorTopor-Madry, Romanes_ES
dc.creatorTorre, Anna E.es_ES
dc.creatorTouvier, Mathildees_ES
dc.creatorTovani-Palone, Marcos Robertoes_ES
dc.creatorTran, Jasmine T.es_ES
dc.creatorTran, Mai Thi Ngoces_ES
dc.creatorTran, Nghia Minhes_ES
dc.creatorTran, Ngoc-Haes_ES
dc.creatorTrico, Domenicoes_ES
dc.creatorTromans, Samuel Josephes_ES
dc.creatorTai Truyen, Thien Tan Tries_ES
dc.creatorTsatsakis, Aristidises_ES
dc.creatorTsegay, Guesh Mebrahtomes_ES
dc.creatorTsermpini, Evangelia Eirinies_ES
dc.creatorTumurkhuu, Munkhtuyaes_ES
dc.creatorTyrovolas, Stefanoses_ES
dc.creatorUdoh, Arites_ES
dc.creatorUmair, Muhammades_ES
dc.creatorUmakanthan, Srikanthes_ES
dc.creatorUmar, Tungki Pratamaes_ES
dc.creatorUndurraga, Eduardo A.es_ES
dc.creatorUnim, Brigides_ES
dc.creatorUnnikrishnan, Bhaskaranes_ES
dc.creatorUnsworth, Carolyn Annees_ES
dc.creatorUpadhyay, Eraes_ES
dc.creatorUrso, Danielees_ES
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dc.creatorVahabi, Seyed Mohammades_ES
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dc.creatorVaziri, Siavashes_ES
dc.creatorVellingiri, Balachandares_ES
dc.creatorVenketasubramanian, Narayanaswamyes_ES
dc.creatorVeroux, Massimilianoes_ES
dc.creatorVerras, Georgios-Ioannises_ES
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dc.creatorVillafañe, Jorge Hugoes_ES
dc.creatorViolante, Francesco S.es_ES
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dc.creatorVollset, Stein Emiles_ES
dc.creatorVolovat, Simona Ruxandraes_ES
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dc.creatorWang, Yanzhonges_ES
dc.creatorWang, Yuan-Panges_ES
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dc.creatorWeintraub, Robert G.es_ES
dc.creatorWeiss, Daniel J.es_ES
dc.creatorWeldemariam, Abrha Hailayes_ES
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dc.creatorWen, Yi Fenges_ES
dc.creatorWhisnant, Joanna L.es_ES
dc.creatorWhiteford, Harvey A.es_ES
dc.creatorWiangkham, Taweewates_ES
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dc.creatorWickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshanaes_ES
dc.creatorWilandika, Anggaes_ES
dc.creatorWilkerson, Carolinees_ES
dc.creatorWilleit, Peteres_ES
dc.creatorWimo, Anderses_ES
dc.creatorWoldegebreal, Demewoz H.es_ES
dc.creatorWolf, Axel Walteres_ES
dc.creatorWong, Yen Junes_ES
dc.creatorWoolf, Anthony D.es_ES
dc.creatorWu, Chenkaies_ES
dc.creatorWu, Feliciaes_ES
dc.creatorWu, Xinshenges_ES
dc.creatorWu, Zenghonges_ES
dc.creatorWulf Hanson, Sarahes_ES
dc.creatorXia, Yanjiees_ES
dc.creatorXiao, Honges_ES
dc.creatorXu, Xiaoyuees_ES
dc.creatorXu, Yvonne Yirues_ES
dc.creatorYadav, Lalites_ES
dc.creatorYadollahpour, Alies_ES
dc.creatorYaghoubi, Sajades_ES
dc.creatorYamagishi, Kazumasaes_ES
dc.creatorYang, Lines_ES
dc.creatorYano, Yuichiroes_ES
dc.creatorYao, Yaoes_ES
dc.creatorYaribeygi, Habibes_ES
dc.creatorYazdanpanah, Mohammad Hoseines_ES
dc.creatorYe, Pengpenges_ES
dc.creatorYehualashet, Sisay Shewasinades_ES
dc.creatorYesuf, Subah Abderehimes_ES
dc.creatorYezli, Saberes_ES
dc.creatorYiğit, Arzues_ES
dc.creatorYiğit, Vahites_ES
dc.creatorYigzaw, Zeamanuel Antenehes_ES
dc.creatorYismaw, Yazachewes_ES
dc.creatorYon, Dong Keones_ES
dc.creatorYonemoto, Naohiroes_ES
dc.creatorYounis, Mustafa Z.es_ES
dc.creatorYu, Chuanhuaes_ES
dc.creatorYu, Yonges_ES
dc.creatorYusuf, Hadizaes_ES
dc.creatorZahid, Mondal Hasanes_ES
dc.creatorZakham, Fathiahes_ES
dc.creatorZaki, Leilaes_ES
dc.creatorZaki, Nazares_ES
dc.creatorZaman, Burhan Abdullahes_ES
dc.creatorZamora, Nelsones_ES
dc.creatorZand, Ramines_ES
dc.creatorZandieh, Ghazal G. Z.es_ES
dc.creatorZar, Heather J.es_ES
dc.creatorZarrintan, Armines_ES
dc.creatorZastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeeviches_ES
dc.creatorZhang, Haijunes_ES
dc.creatorZhang, Ninges_ES
dc.creatorZhang, Yunquanes_ES
dc.creatorZhao, Hanqinges_ES
dc.creatorZhong, Chenwenes_ES
dc.creatorZhong, Panlianges_ES
dc.creatorZhou, Juexiaoes_ES
dc.creatorZhu, Zhaohuaes_ES
dc.creatorZiafati, Makanes_ES
dc.creatorZielińska, Magdalenaes_ES
dc.creatorZimsen, Stephanie R. M.es_ES
dc.creatorZoladl, Mohammades_ES
dc.creatorZumla, Alimuddines_ES
dc.creatorZyoud, Samer H.es_ES
dc.creatorVos, Theoes_ES
dc.creatorMurray, Christopher J. L.es_ES
dc.date2024
dc.date.accessioned2025-12-08T19:27:01Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-27T15:33:59Z
dc.date.available2025-12-08T19:27:01Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.date.published2024
dc.descriptionBackground: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44-2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64-3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7-17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8-6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7-10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0-234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7-198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3-214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0-171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3-51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9-52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54-1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5-9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0-19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9-21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0-17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7-27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6-63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4-64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6-2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.es_ES
dc.formatPDFes_ES
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00757-8
dc.identifier.eissn1474-547X
dc.identifier.issn0140-6736
dc.identifier.organizacionInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz
dc.identifier.placeInglaterra
dc.identifier.urihttp://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00757-8
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.inprf.gob.mx/handle/123456789/8515
dc.language.isoenges_ES
dc.publisherElsevieres_ES
dc.relation403(10440):2133-2161
dc.relation.jnabreviadoLANCET
dc.relation.journalLancet
dc.rightsAcceso Cerradoes_ES
dc.titleGlobal incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021es_ES
dc.typeArtículoes_ES

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