Browsing by Author "Stockwell, Tim"

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Alcohol-related injury in the ER: a cross-national meta-analysis from the Emergency Room Collaborative Alcohol Analysis Project (ERCAAP)
(New Brunswick, N.J. : Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 2003) Cherpitel, Cheryl J.; Bond, Jason; Ye, Yu; Borges, Guilherme; MacDonald, Scott; Stockwell, Tim; Giesbrecht, Norman; Cremonte, Mariana; Public Health Institute, Alcohol Research Group, 2000 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, California 94709
Health profiles of clients in substance abuse treatment: a comparison of clients dependent on alcohol or cocaine with those concurrently dependent
(Informa Healthcare, 2014) Macdonald, Scott; Pakula, Basia; Martin, Gina; Wells, Samantha; Borges, Guilherme; Roth, Eric; Salmon, Amy; Stockwell, Tim; Callaghan, Russell C.; Centre for Addictions Research of BC and School of Health Information Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada; scottmac@uvic.ca
Research agendas for alcohol policymaking in the wider world
(Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol, 2022) Room, Robin; Miller, Mia; Waleewong, Orratai; Assanangkornchai, Sawitri; Beccaria, Franca; Benegal, Vivek; Borges, Guilherme; Gmel, Gerhard; Graham, Kathryn; Hao, Wei; Mäkelä, Pia; Morojele, Neo; My Hanh, Hoang Thi; Obot, Isidore; O’Brien, Paula; Pinsky, Ilana; Sornpaisarn, Bundit; Stockwell, Tim; Laslett, Anne-Marie; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Social Research on Alcohol & Drugs, Dept. of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden; R.Room@latrobe.edu.au (Robin Room)
The rate ratio of injury and aggressive incident for alcohol alone, cocaine alone and simultaneous use before the event: a case-crossover study
(Elsevier, 2015) Zhao, Jinhui; Macdonald, Scott; Borges, Guilherme; Joordens, Chantele; Stockwell, Tim; Ye, Yu; Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, 2300 McKenzie Ave, BC V8P 5C2 Canada; zhaoj@uvic.ca (J. Zhao)
Objectives: (i) To estimate the rate ratio (RR) of use of alcohol alone, cocaine alone, and both substances simultaneously on acute injury or an aggressive incident, (ii) to compare the RRs for simultaneous use within 3 or 6h of the event; and (iii) to compare the RRs of two measures of exposure, "hours of feeling effects" vs estimates based on self-reported quantity and frequency of use. Methods: The study employed a case-crossover design with the frequency approach. Clients (N=616) in substance abuse treatment for alcohol or cocaine issues from 2009 to 2012 completed a self-administered questionnaire on their substance use within 3 and 6h before a recent injury or physically aggressive incident. Clients also reported detailed quantity and frequency information in relation to their typical substance use, as well as information on "feeling effects". The RR of acute harms due to substance use was estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel estimator. Results: In the 6-h window before the event, use of cocaine alone, alcohol alone and simultaneous alcohol and cocaine use were each significantly (P<0.05) related to a recent injury and aggressive incident. Simultaneous use was not significantly greater than use of either drug alone. Estimates of RR based on simultaneous use for a 3-h window before the event were consistently larger than those based on a 6-h window, and comparisons were significant (P<0.05) for an aggressive incident but not an injury. With reference to the two measures of exposure, three of eight comparisons of RRs were significantly larger for feeling the effects of the substance in comparison to quantity and frequency of substance use. Conclusion: These findings are consistent with increased likelihood of harms related to the acute effects of alcohol alone, cocaine alone or simultaneous use. The results are suggestive that the acute effects of these drugs may be better measured within a 3-h time window than a 6-h window. Finally, we found that "hours of feeling effects" yielded higher estimates of RR than the quantity-frequency approach; however both measures support the overall findings.
The Relationship Between Self-Reported Drinking and BAC Level in Emergency Room Injury Cases: Is it a Straight Line?
(Wiley-Blackwell, Commerce Place, 350 Main ST, Malden 02148, MA USA, 2010) Bond, Jason; Ye, Yu; Cherpitel, Cheryl J.; Room, Robín; Rehm, Juergen; Borges, Guilherme; Cremonte, Mariana; Gmel, Gerhard; Hao, Wei; Sovinova, Hana; Stockwell, Tim; Alcohol Res Grp, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA; jbond@arg.org
Background: While the validity of self-reported consumption based on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) has been found to be high in emergency room (ER) samples, little research exists on the estimated number of drinks consumed given a BAC level. Such data would be useful in establishing a dose-response relationship between drinking and risk (e.g., of injury) in those studies for which the number of drinks consumed is not available but BAC is. Methods: Several methods were used to estimate the number of drinks consumed in the 6 hours prior to injury based on BAC obtained at the time of ER admission of n = 1,953 patients who self-reported any drinking 6 hours prior to their injury and who arrived to the ER within 6 hours of the event, from the merged Emergency Room Collaborative Alcohol Analysis Project (ERCAAP) and the World Health Organization Collaborative Study on Alcohol and Injury across 16 countries. Results: The relationship between self-reported consumption and averaged BAC within each consumption level appeared to be fairly linear up to about 7 drinks and a BAC of approximately 100 mg/dl. Above about 7 reported drinks, BAC appeared to have no relationship with drinking, possibly representing longer consumption periods than only the 6 hours before injury for those reporting higher quantities consumed. Both the volume estimate from the bivariate BAC to self-report relationship as well as from a Widmark calculation using BAC and time from last drink to arrival to the ER indicated a somewhat weak relationship to actual number of self-reported drinks. Conclusions: Future studies may benefit from investigating the factors suspected to be driving the weak relationships between these measures, including the actual time over which the reported alcohol was consumed and pattern of drinking over the consumption period.
Variations of alcohol impairment in different types, causes and contexts of injuries: Results of emergency room studies from 16 countries
(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND, 2006) MacDonald, Scott; Cherpitel, Cheryl J.; DeSouza, Amanda; Stockwell, Tim; Borges, Guilherme; Giesbrecht, Norman; Univ Victoria, Ctr Addict Res BC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada; scottmac@uvic.ca
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to document alcohol impairment (based on a blood alcohol content (BAC) of at least 80 mg%) for different types, causes and location contexts of injuries. Design and setting: Data from 45 studies with 11,536 injury patients were merged to determine variations in the percent of alcohol impairment among injury patients. In each study, emergency room (ER) injury patients were given a short interview on the circumstances of their injury and BAC was measured. Results: Injury severity, measured by number of body regions injured was significantly associated with BACs over 80 mg%. The highest percentage of injury type to involve alcohol was head injury/concussion. In terms of causes of injuries, patients with alcohol impairment were significantly more likely to be involved in violence than any other cause (i.e., vehicle, failing, poisoning or burns). Finally, injuries occurring at a bar or restaurant were significantly more likely to involve alcohol impairment than any other setting. Conclusions: The results demonstrate considerable variation in the circumstances where alcohol is involved in injuries. These results may be useful for the development of prevention initiatives. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.